CCNA Discovery 1 Module 9 Exam

CCNA Discovery 1 Module 9 Exam Answers Version 4.0

1. What should a network administrator do first after receiving a call from a user who cannot access the company web server?
• Reboot the web server.
• Replace the NIC of the computer.
• Ask the user to log off and log on again.
• Ask the user what URL has been typed and what error message displays.

2. A customer called the cable company to report that the Internet connection is unstable. After trying several configuration changes, the technician decided to send the customer a new cable modem to try. What troubleshooting technique does this represent?
• top-down
• bottom-up
• substitution
• trial-and-error
• divide-and-conquer

3. Only one workstation on a particular network cannot reach the Internet. What is the first troubleshooting step if the divide-and-conquer method is being used?
• Check the NIC, and then check the cabling.
• Check the workstation TCP/IP configuration.
• Test all cables, and then test layer by layer up the OSI model.
• Attempt to Telnet, and then test layer by layer down the OSI model.

4. Which two troubleshooting techniques are suitable for both home networks and large corporate networks? (Choose two.)
• having a backup ISR
• running network monitoring applications
• documenting the troubleshooting process
• keeping a record of system upgrades and software versions
• keeping spare switches, routers, and other equipment available

5. Identify two physical-layer network problems. (Choose two.)
• hardware failure
• software configuration
• devices not able to ping
• loose cable connections
• device driver configuration

6. Which ipconfig command requests IP configuration from a DHCP server?
• ipconfig
• ipconfig /all
• ipconfig /renew
• ipconfig /release

7. What command is used to determine the location of delay for a packet traversing the Internet?
• ipconfig
• netstat
• nslookup
• ping
• tracert

8. What command is used to determine if a DNS server is providing name resolution?
• ipconfig
• netstat
• nslookup
• tracert

9. Which troubleshooting method begins by examining cable connections and wiring issues?
• top-down
• bottom-up
• substitution
• divide-and-conquer

10. A technician suspects that a Linksys integrated router is the source of a network problem. While troubleshooting, the technician notices a blinking green activity LED on some of the ports. What does this indicate?
• Self-diagnostics have not completed.
• The power supply is the source of the problem.
• The ports are operational and are receiving traffic.
• The ports are operational, but no traffic is flowing.
• There are no cables plugged into those ISR ports.
• The ports have cables plugged in, but they are not functional.

11. A PC is plugged into a switch and is unable to connect to the network. The UTP cable is suspected. What could be the problem?
• A straight-through cable is being used
• The connectors at both ends of the cable are RJ-45.
• The RJ-45 connectors are crimped onto the cable jacket.
• A crossover cable is being used.

12. Refer to the graphic. What configuration is incorrect in the network shown?
• The host IP address is incorrect.
• The host subnet mask is incorrect.
• The host default gateway is incorrect.
• The wired connection is the wrong type of cable.
• The Linksys integrated router does not support wireless.

13. Which three settings must match on the client and access point for a wireless connection to occur? (Choose three.)
• SSID
• authentication
• MD5 checksum
• antennae type
• encryption key
• MAC address filters

14. A technician is troubleshooting a security breach on a new wireless access point. Which three configuration settings make it easy for hackers to gain access? (Choose three.)
• configuring NAT
• broadcasting the SSID
• using open authentication
• enabling MAC address filters
• using the default internal IP address
• using DHCP to provide IP addresses

15. Refer to the graphic. The wireless host cannot access the Internet, but the wired host can. What is the problem?
• The host WEP key is incorrect.
• The host IP address is incorrect.
• The host subnet mask is incorrect.
• The host default gateway is incorrect.
• The integrated router internal IP address is incorrect.
• The integrated router Internet IP address is incorrect.

16. Refer to the graphic. What configuration is incorrect in the network shown?
• The host IP address is incorrect.
• The host subnet mask is incorrect.
• The host default gateway is incorrect.
• The wired connection is the wrong type of cable.
• The Linksys integrated router does not support wireless.

17. When acting as a DHCP server, what three types of information can an ISR provide to a client? (Choose three.)
• physical address
• MAC address
• default gateway
• static IP address
• dynamic IP address
• DNS server address

18. What two items could be checked to verify connectivity between the router and the ISP? (Choose two.)
• router status page
• wireless card settings
• router operating system version
• local host operating system version
• connectivity status as indicated by LEDs

19. A technician is unsuccessful in establishing a console session between a PC and a Linksys integrated router. Both devices have power, and a cable is connected between them. Which two troubleshooting steps could help to diagnose this problem? (Choose two.)
• Ensure the correct cable is used.
• Ensure the SSID is the same on both devices.
• Ensure both devices have the same IP address.
• Ensure both devices have different subnet masks.
• Ensure the encryption type on both devices match.
• Ensure the link status LED on the integrated router is lit.

20. Network baselines should be performed in which two situations? (Choose two.)
• after the network is installed and running optimally
• after a virus outbreak is discovered on the network
• after major changes are implemented on the network
• after several computers are added to the network
• at the end of the work week

21. Typically, help desk personnel assist end users in which two tasks? (Choose two.)
• identifying when the problem occurred
• determining if other users are currently logged into the computer
• updating network diagrams and documentation
• implementing the solution to the problem
• running a network baseline test
• determining the cost of fixing the problem

22. How does remote-access software help in the troubleshooting process?
• Remote access uses a live chat feature.
• Users have to be present so that they can view LEDs and change cables if necessary.
• Diagnostics can be run without a technician being present at the site.
• FAQs can be consulted more easily.

23. Which two items should be added to the documentation following a troubleshooting event? (Choose two.)
• final resolution
• repetitive measures
• number of people involved in the problem
• accurate current network infrastructure diagrams
• results of successful and unsuccessful troubleshooting steps

CCNA Discovery 1 Module 8 Exam

Oleh : Irma Permata Sari / 02842/ pendidikan Teknik Informatika

CCNA Discovery 1 Module 8

1. Identify three techniques used in social engineering. (Choose three.)
• fishing
• vishing
• phishing
• spamming
• pretexting
• junk mailing

2. During a pretexting event, how is a target typically contacted?
• by e-mail
• by phone
• in person
• through another person

3. While surfing the Internet, a user notices a box claiming a prize has been won. The user opens the box unaware that a program is being installed. An intruder now accesses the computer and retrieves personal information. What type of attack occurred?
• worm
• virus
• Trojan horse
• denial of service

4. What is a major characteristic of a Worm?
• malicious software that copies itself into other executable programs
• tricks users into running the infected software
• a set of computer instructions that lies dormant until triggered by a specific event
• exploits vulnerabilities with the intent of propagating itself across a network

5. A flood of packets with invalid source-IP addresses requests a connection on the network. The server busily tries to respond, resulting in valid requests being ignored. What type of attack occurred?
• Trojan horse
• brute force
• ping of death
• SYN flooding

6. What type of advertising is typically annoying and associated with a specific website that is being visited?
• adware
• popups
• spyware
• tracking cookies

7. What is a widely distributed approach to marketing on the Internet that advertises to as many individual users as possible via IM or e-mail?
• brute force
• spam
• spyware
• tracking cookies

8. What part of the security policy states what applications and usages are permitted or denied?
• identification and authentication
• remote access
• acceptable use
• incident handling

9. Which statement is true regarding anti-virus software?
• Only e-mail programs need to be protected.
• Only hard drives can be protected.
• Only after a virus is known can an anti-virus update be created for it.
• Only computers with a direct Internet connection need it.

10. Which two statements are true concerning anti-spam software? (Choose two.)
• Anti-spam software can be loaded on either the end-user PC or the ISP server, but not both.
• When anti-spam software is loaded, legitimate e-mail may be classified as spam by mistake.
• Installing anti-spam software should be a low priority on the network.
• Even with anti-spam software installed, users should be careful when opening e-mail attachments.
• Virus warning e-mails that are not identified as spam via anti-spam software should be forwarded to other users immediately.

11. What term is used to describe a dedicated hardware device that provides firewall services?
• server-based
• integrated
• personal
• appliance-based

12. Which acronym refers to an area of the network that is accessible by both internal, or trusted, as well as external, or untrusted, host devices?
• SPI
• DMZ
• ISR
• ISP

13. Which statement is true about port forwarding within a Linksys integrated router?
• Only external traffic that is destined for specific internal ports is permitted. All other traffic is denied.
• Only external traffic that is destined for specific internal ports is denied. All other traffic is permitted.
• Only internal traffic that is destined for specific external ports is permitted. All other traffic is denied.
• Only internal traffic that is destined for specific external ports is denied. All other traffic is permitted.

14. To which part of the network does the wireless access point part of a Linksys integrated router connect?
• DMZ
• external
• internal
• a network other than the wired network

15. Refer to the graphic. What is the purpose of the Internet Filter option of Filter IDENT (Port 113. on the Linksys integrated router?
• to require a user ID and password to access the router
• to prevent outside intruders from attacking the router through the Internet
• to require a pre-programmed MAC address or IP address to access the router
• to disable tracking of internal IP addresses so they cannot be spoofed by outside devices

16. What statement is true about security configuration on a Linksys integrated router?
• A DMZ is not supported.
• The router is an example of a server-based firewall.
• The router is an example of an application-based firewall.
• Internet access can be denied for specific days and times.

17. What environment would be best suited for a two-firewall network design?
• a large corporate environment
• a home environment with 10 or fewer hosts
• a home environment that needs VPN access
• a smaller, less congested business environment

18. What is one function that is provided by a vulnerability analysis tool?
• It provides various views of possible attack paths.
• It identifies missing security updates on a computer.
• It identifies wireless weak points such as rogue access points.
• It identifies all network devices on the network that do not have a firewall installed.
• It identifies MAC and IP addresses that have not been authenticated on the network.

19. Many best practices exist for wired and wireless network security. The list below has one item that is not a best practice. Identify the recommendation that is not a best practice for wired and wireless security.
• Periodically update anti-virus software.
• Be aware of normal network traffic patterns.
• Periodically update the host operating system.
• Activate the firewall on a Linksys integrated router.
• Configure login permissions on the integrated router.
• Disable the wireless network when a vulnerability analysis is being performed.

20. What best practice relates to wireless access point security?
• activation of a popup stopper
• a change of the default IP address
• an update in the antivirus software definitions
• physically securing the cable between the access point and client

21. Refer to the graphic. In the Linksys Security menu, what does the SPI Firewall Protection option Enabled provide?
• It prevents packets based on the application that makes the request.
• It allows packets based on approved internal MAC or IP addresses.
• It requires that packets coming into the router be responses to internal host requests.
• It translates an internal address or group of addresses into an outside, public address.

CCNA Discovery 1 Module 7 Exam

CCNA Discovery 1 Module 7 Exam

Oleh : Irma Permata sari/ 02842 / Pendidikan teknik informatika

1. • transmits at much higher frequencies

2. • anytime, anywhere connectivity

• easy and inexpensive to install

• ease of using licensed air space

3. •Speed

• allows users to share more resources

4. • the use of shortwave or infrared on the AP

• the presence of microwave ovens in several offices

• the encryption method used on the wireless network

5. • Environmental factors such as thunderstorms can affect wireless networks. 6. • The device is backwards compatible with all previous wireless standards.

7. • connects two networks with a wireless link

• increases the strength of a wireless signal

8. • access point

9. • created by connecting wireless clients in a peer-to-peer network

10.• The router supports 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n devices.

11.• Network Name (SSID)

12. • consists of a 32-character string and is not case sensitive

• used to encrypt data sent across the wireless network

13. • Wardriving enhances security of wireless networks.

• With SSID broadcast disabled, an attacker must know the SSID to connect.

14. • EAP

15. • requires no authentication

16. • EAP .

17.• Open authentication requires a password. Pre-shared keys do not require a password.

18. • encryption

 

19.• MAC address filtering

20. • 16 bit

21.• identify the wireless network; compress data on

Tugas CCNA lab 7.3.5

Oleh : Irma Permata Sari/02842.08/Pendidikan Teknik Informatika UNP

Lab 7.3.5 Configuring Wireless Security

Objectives

• Create a security plan for a home network.
• Configure the wireless access point (AP) portion of a multi-function device using security best practices.

Background / Preparation

A well-planned security implementation is critical to the safety of a wireless network. This lab goes over the steps that must be taken to ensure the safety of the network using the following scenario. You have just purchased a Linksys WRT300N wireless router, and you want to set up a small network in your

home. You selected this router because the IEEE 802.11n specification claims that it has 12 times the speed of an 802.11g and 4 times the range. Because the 802.11n uses 2.4 GHz, it is backward compatible with both the 802.11b and 802.11g and uses MIMO (multiple-in, multiple-out) technology.

You should enable security mechanisms before connecting your multi-function device to the Internet or any wired network. You should also change the default values provided, because they are well-known values that are easily obtainable on the Internet. The following resources are required:

• Windows-based computer
• Linksys WRT300N
• Straight-through Ethernet cable

Step 1: Plan the security for your home network

1. List at least six security best practices that you should implement to secure your multi-function device and wireless network.Jawaban:1) Change default values for the SSID, usernames and passwords,2) Disable broadcast SSID, 3) Configure MAC Address Filtering, 4) Configure encryption using WEP or WPA, 5) Configure authentication ,6) Configure traffic filtering
2. Describe what the security risk is for each item. Jawaban: 1) Passwords are changed to prevent neighbors or other people from logging in to your router. 2) SSID should be changed to a unique name. 3) SSID broadcasting is disabled so that the SSID name is not broadcasted to others in range of your network. 4) Encryption and authentication prevents hackers from gaining access to the network and intercepting messages. 5) MAC filtering keeps unwanted computers from associating with the AP

Step 2: Connect a computer to the multi-function device and log in to the web-based utility

1. Connect your computer (Ethernet NIC) to the multi-function device (port 1 on the Linksys WRT300N) by using a straight-through cable.
2. The default IP address of the Linksys WRT300N is 192.168.1.1, and the default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. The computer and Linksys device must be on the same network to communicate with each other. Change the IP address of the computer to 192.168.1.2, and verify that the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Enter the internal address of the Linksys device (192.168.1.1) as the default gateway. Do this by clicking, Start > Control Panel > Network Connections. Right click on the wireless connection and choose Properties. Select the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and enter the addresses as shown below.
3. Open a web browser, such as Internet Explorer, Netscape, or Firefox and enter the default IP address of the Linksys device (192.168.1.1) into the address field and press Enter.
4. A screen appears, requesting your user name and password.
5. Leave the User name field blank and enter admin for the password. It is the default password on the Linksys device. Click OK. Remember that passwords are case-sensitive.
6. As you make the necessary changes on the Linksys device, click Save Settings on each screen to save the changes or click Cancel Changes to keep the default settings.

 

Step 4: Change the Linksys device password

1. The initial screen displayed is the Setup > Basic Setup screen.
2. Click the Administration tab. The Management tab is selected by default.
3. Type in a new password for the Linksys device, and then confirm the password. The new password must not be more than 32 characters and must not include any spaces. The password is required to access the Linksys device web-based utility and Setup Wizard.
4. The Web Utility Access via Wireless option is enabled by default. You may want to disable this feature to further increase security.
5. Click the Save Settings button to save the information. NOTE: If you forget your password, you can reset the Linksys device to the factory defaults by pressing the RESET button for 5 seconds and then releasing it. The default password is admin.

Step 5: Configure the wireless security settings

1. Click the Wireless tab. The Basic Wireless Settings tab is selected by default. The Network Name is the SSID shared among all devices on your network. It must be identical for all devices in the wireless network. It is case-sensitive and must not be more than 32 characters.
2. Change the SSID from the default of linksys to a unique name. Record the name you have chosen: Student Dependant
3. Leave the Radio Band set to Auto. This allows your network to use all 802.11n, g, and b devices.
4. For SSID Broadcast, select the Disabled button to disable the SSID broadcast. Wireless clients survey the area for networks to associate with and will detect the SSID broadcast sent by the Linksys device. For added security, do not broadcast the SSID.
5. Save your settings before going to the next screen.

 

Step 6: Configure encryption and authentication

1. Choose the Wireless Security tab on the Wireless screen.
2. This router supports four types of security mode settings:

• WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
• WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) Personal, which uses a pre-shared key (PSK)
• WPA Enterprise, which uses Remote Access Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
• RADIUS

1. Select WPA Personal Security Mode.
2. On the next screen, choose an Encryption algorithm.

To secure a network, use the highest level of encryption possible within the Selected Security mode. The following Security Modes and Encryption levels are listed from least secure (WEP) to most secure (WPA2 with AES)

• WEP
• WPA
• TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol)
• AES (Advanced Encryption System)
• WPA2
• TKIP
• AES

AES is only supported by newer devices that contain a co-processor. To ensure compatibility with all devices, select TKIP.

1. For authentication, enter a pre-shared key between 8 and 63 characters. This key is shared by the Linksys device and all connected devices.
2. Choose a key renewal period between 600 and 7200 seconds. The renewal period is how often the Linksys device changes the encryption key.
3. Save your settings before exiting the screen.

 

Step 7: Configure MAC address filtering

1. Choose the Wireless MAC Filter tab on the Wireless screen.
2. MAC address filtering allows only selected wireless client MAC addresses to have access to your network. Select the radio button to Permit PCs listed below to access the wireless network. Click the Wireless Client List button to display a list of all wireless client computers on your network.
3. The next screen allows you to identify which MAC addresses can have access to the wireless network. Click the Save to MAC Address Filter List check box for any client device you want to add, and then click the Add button. Any wireless clients, other than those in the list will be prevented from accessing your wireless network. Save your settings before exiting the screen.

Step 8: Reflection

1. Which feature that you configured on the Linksys WRT300N makes you feel the most secure and why? Answers will vary. The MAC address filter is a very restrictive method of controlling access. Jawaban: MAC address filtering uses the MAC address to identify which devices are allowed to connect to the wireless network. When a wireless client attempts to connect, or associate, with an AP it will send MAC address information. If MAC filtering is enabled, the wireless router or AP will look up its MAC address a preconfigured list. Only devices whose MAC addresses have been prerecorded in the router’s database will be allowed to connect.
2. Make a list of other items that could be done to make your network even more secure. Answers include configure MAC/IP filtering to control which type of traffic is allowed to flow on the network; disable unneeded services (Telnet, HTTP, TFTP, and so on). Jawaban:

Tugas CCNA lab 7.2.6

Oleh: Irma Permata Sar/02842.08/Pendidikan Teknik Informatika UNP

Lab 7.2.6 Configuring a Wireless Client

Objective

• • Install and configure a driver for a wireless USB NIC for a wireless client computer.
• • Determine the version of the driver installed and check the Internet for updates.

Background / Preparation

 

In this lab you will install a driver for a wireless USB NIC in a computer. The driver is a type of software that controls the wireless NIC. The driver comes on a CD with the NIC or can be downloaded from the Internet. Many manufacturers require that the driver is installed before the adapter is connected. The procedure described in this lab is for a Linksys USB 802.11g wireless NIC, but is similar to others. You should always follow the procedure recommended by the wireless NIC manufacturer. The following resources are required:

• Windows XP-based computer with an available USB port
• Wireless USB NIC and associated driver
• Administrator rights to install the driver
• Linksys WRT300N with wireless access configured from previous lab

Step 1: Install the wireless NIC driver

1. Insert the CD that contains the wireless NIC driver into the CD/DVD drive and install the driver according to the manufacturer recommendations. Most USB devices require that the driver be installed before the device is physically attached.
2. Who is the manufacturer of the wireless NIC?  Answer will be hardware dependent.Jawaban: WLAN IEEE 802.11 g oleh Linksys
3. Describe how you installed the wireless NIC driver. Answer will be student dependent Jawban:

1. a. Mode Infrastruktur
   1. 1. Konfigurasi Access Point( Wireless Adapter dan Instalasi Access Point)
   2. 2. Konfigurasi Client
   3. 3. konfigurasi USB Wireless Adapter( Instalasi Usb Wireless Adapter, Koneksi ke Access Point Pada Linksys Network Monitor, danKoneksi ke Access Point Pada Windows)
2. b. Mode Ad-Hoc
   1. 1. Aktifkan Wireless adapter masing – masing komputer yang akan dihubungkan dengan jaringan
   2. 2. Klik kanan pada icon Network Wireless Connection pada taskbar, lalu pilih View Available Wireless Networks,
      1. 3. Klik Change the order preferred Network maka akan muncul.
      2. 4. Klik Add pada kolom Preferred Network, lalu ketikkan Nama Network yang akan digunakan pada kolom Network Name. contoh nama SSID Broadcasternya adalah Ad Hoc.
         1. 5. Klik Ok
      3. 6. Klik refresh Network list maka akan muncul koneksi Ad-Hoc dengan nama SSID Ad Hoc.
      4. 7. Kemudian pilihlah opsi Change advance setting maka Klik 2 kali pada opsi internet protoco(TCP/IP) maka akan muncul gambar selanjutnya.
      5. 8. Kemudian setting pada masing masing komputer dengan IP address yang berbeda dengan aturan 192.168.1.xxx dengan xxx adalah sesuai angka yang diharapkan dalam range 1s/d 254. misal (192.168.1.65)
      6. 9. tentukan Subnet mask-nya dengan 255.255.255.0 untuk membentuk jaringan lokal. Kosongkan gateawaynya
      7. 10. klik ok untuk verifikasi.
      8. 11. Tes koneksi dengan command PING pada command prompt,bila terhubung maka komputer komputer tersebut siap berkomunikasi dalam jaringan Ad-Hoc secara Pear to pear.

 

Step 2: Install the wireless NIC

1. When prompted, connect the USB NIC cable to an available USB port. Click Next to continue.

 

Step 3: Attach to the wireless network

1. Most wireless NIC adapters have client software to control the NIC. The software shows any wireless networks that are discovered. Select the SSID of the wireless network that you configured on the AP in a previous lab.
2. Which SSID are you using? Answer is student/network. Jawaban: linksys
3. If the wireless NIC did not connect to the wireless network, perform the appropriate troubleshooting.
4. What is the signal strength for the wireless NIC? Answer is hardware dependent. Jawaban: linksys
5. Did the wireless NIC see any other wireless networks in the area? Why or why not? Answer is lab dependent and on how many students are in the lab at once. Jawaban ya. Karena dikampus saya banyakk sinyal wireless yg aktif
6. Show your active wireless connection to a fellow student or the lab assistant.
7. What is another name for a wireless host? Jawaban: Elektronika1, Elektronika 2, Linksys e57, Elektro UNP.
8. Is it better to use the client software from the wireless NIC manufacturer or let Windows XP control. Jawaban: ya.
9. The wireless NIC? It is better to use client software to control the wireless NIC. Jawaban: ya karena cukup mudah dikonfigurasi.

Step 4: Determine the NIC driver version

1. Hardware manufacturers continually update drivers. The driver that ships with a NIC or other piece of hardware is frequently not the most current.

 

1. To check the driver version for the NIC you installed, click Start, select Control Panel and then Network Connections. Right-click on the wireless connection and select Properties. Click the Configure button for the NIC and then the Driver tab. What is the name and version of the driver you installed? Answer is hardware dependent. Jawaban: Linksys version 2.9.8.335

Step 5: Determine if the NIC driver is the most current

1. Search the NIC manufacturer web site for drivers that support the wireless NIC you installed. Are there more current ones available? Very possibly. Jawaban: ya.
2. What is the most current one listed? Answer is hardware dependent
3. If there is a more current driver, how would you apply it? Download the driver to a known location on the hard drive and use the Update Driver option from the network connection properties screen. Jawaban: tidak mendonloadnya karena dapat membuat ke aslian dari software yang sedang dipakai/terinstal terdeteksi dan akan menyebabkan software yang telah terinstal jadi tidak optimal kerjanya.

Step 6: Verify connectivity

1. Once you have installed the NIC, it is time to verify connectivity with the Linksys WRT300N.
2. Open a web browser such as Windows Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.
3. In the address line type http://192.168.1.1, which is the default setting on the AP.
4. In the Connect to 192.168.1.1 dialog box, leave the username text box empty, and type admin in the password text box. Leave the Remember my password checkbox unchecked. Click OK.
5. If you receive the Linksys Setup screen, you have established connectivity with the AP. If you do not establish connectivity, you will have to troubleshoot the connection by checking to ensure the devices are turned on and the IP addresses on all devices are correct. Which IP address should be configured on the wireless NIC?Answer should be an IP address in the 192.168.1.0/24 network

Step 7: Reflection

1. Do you think the process of setting up a wireless network at a food store or book store is any different from what you just did? Why or why not?. Answer will be student dependent, but they should see that it is no different. Jawaban: tidak. Bias saja sama jika menggunakan software yang sama. Pada dasarnya setiap software wireless yang beredar dipasaran itu sama saja hanya interfacenya saja yang sedikit berbeda.
2. Do you think the AP model that you are using would be sufficient for the food store in your neighborhood? Why or why not? Answer is student’s own opinion. Jawaban: ya. No IPnya harus lah spesifik, tidak boleh sama.

 

 

 

Tugas CCNA lab 7.2.5

oleh: irma permata sari/02842

Lab 7.2.5 Configuring a Wireless Access Point

Objective

• Configure the wireless access point (AP) portion of a multi-function device to allow access to a wireless client.

Background / Preparation

The Linksys WRT300N includes an integrated 4-port switch, a router and a wireless Access Point (AP). In this lab, you will configure the AP component of the multi-function device to allow access for wireless clients. The basic wireless capabilities of the multi-function device will be configured but this will not be a secure wireless network. Setting up a secure wireless network will be covered in a later lab. The following resources are required:

• Windows XP based computer that is cabled to the multi-function device
• Linksys WRT300N

Step 1: Verify connectivity between the computer and the multi-function device

1. The computer used to configure the AP should be attached to one of the multi-function device’s switch ports.
2. On the computer, click the Start button and select Run. Type cmd and click OK or press Enter.
3. At the command prompt, ping the multi-function device using the default IP address 192.168.1.1 or the IP that has been configured on the multi-function device’s port. Do not proceed until the ping succeeds.
4. Write down the command used to ping the multi-function device. ping 192.168.1.1 (or whatever IP address was used)
5. NOTE: If the ping is not successful, try these troubleshooting steps:

• Check to make sure the IP address of the computer is on the 192.168.1.0 network. The computer must be on the same network as the multi-function device to be able to ping it. The DHCP service of the multi-function device is enabled by default. If the computer is configured as a DHCP client it should have a valid IP address and subnet mask. If the computer has a static IP address, it must be in on the 192.168.1.0 network and the subnet mask must be 255.255.255.0.

The answer : ping 192.168.1.1 -t

• Make sure the cable is a known-good straight-through cable. Test to verify.
• Verify that the link light for the port where the computer is attached is lit.
• Check whether the multi-function device has power.
• If none of these steps correct the problem, check with your instructor.

 

Step 2: Log in to the multi-function device and configure the wireless network

1. Open a web browser. In the address line, type http://ip_address, where ip_address is the IP address of the wireless router (default is 192.168.1.1). At the prompt, leave the user name textbox empty, but type the password assigned to the router. The default password is admin. Click OK.
2. In the main menu, click on the Wireless option.
3. In the Basic Wireless Settings window, the Network Mode shows mixed by default, because the AP supports 802.11b, g, and n wireless devices. You can use any of these standards to connect to the AP. If the wireless portion of the multi-function device is NOT being used, the network mode would be set to Disabled. Leave the default of Mixed selected.
4. Delete the default SSID (linksys) in the Network Name (SSID) textbox. Enter a new SSID using your last name or name chosen by your instructor. SSIDs are case-sensitive.
5. Write down the exact SSID name that you are using.  The SSID is student dependent
6. Click on the Radio Band drop-down menu and write down the two options. Standard-20MHz Channel and Wide-40MHz Channel
7. For a wireless network that can use 802.11b, g, or n client devices, the default is Auto. Auto allows the Wide Channel option to be chosen and gives the best performance. The Standard Channel option is used if the wireless client devices are 802.11b or g, or both b and g. The Wide Channel option is used if only 802.11n client devices are being used. Leave the default of Auto selected.
8. SSID Broadcast is set to enabled by default, which enables the AP to periodically send out the SSID using the wireless antenna. Any wireless devices in the area can detect this broadcast. This is how clients detect nearby wireless networks.
9. Click on the Save Settings button. When the settings have been successfully saved, click on Continue.
10. The AP is now configured for a wireless network with the name (SSID) that you gave it. It is important to write down this information before starting the next lab or attaching any wireless NICs to the wireless network.

Step 3: Reflection

1. How many wireless networks do you think could be configured in one classroom? What would limit this? Answer will be student dependent, but depends on which signal power is being used, whether 802.11a, b, g, or n is being used, and how many channels are available for that particular type of wireless network. Jawaban: 1-50 , dengam membuat password dan batasan Ip address yang bias mengakses.
2. What do you see as a potential security problem when you broadcast your SSID from the AP?

Answer is student’s own opinion, but one answer is that any wireless device in the area will know

there is a wireless network there. One of the first security threats in wireless is if the intruder             knows where a wireless network is located and what the SSID is. jawaban: kesulitan dalam mengkonfigurasi , jika salah konfigurasi maka tidak dapat terkoneksi

Tugas CCNA 3.3.6

Oleh : Irma Permata Sari/02842.08/Pendidikan Teknik Informatika

Lab 3.3.6 Determine the IP Address of a Computer

Objective

• Use the ipconfig /all command to determine the IP address of a Windows XP host on an Ethernet network.

Background / Preparation

Every computer connected to the Internet has a unique identifier, called an IP address. IP addresses are displayed as four numbers, known as octets, separated by periods (example: 192.168.1.4). The ipconfig /all command displays your computer’s IP address and information about the network. The following resources are required:

• A workstation that is attached to the local network and that has it’s IP address already configured
• Access to the Run command

In this lab you will locate your computer’s IP address to discover its unique number.

Step 1: Determine the IP address of the computer

1. From the Windows XP desktop, click the Start button, and then click Run.
2. In the Run dialog box, type cmd then click the OK button.
3. At the command prompt, type ipconfig /all and press Enter.
4. The ipconfig /all command then displays a list of information about your computer’s IP configuration. An example is shown in the following figure. The information displayed for your computer will be different.
5. Locate the IP address and record the finding. Jawaban :IP address my computer is 1.1.29.253
6. Why is it important that a computer get an IP address. Jawaban: Supaya dapat terkoneksi ke internet dan menjadi alamat yang bersifat unik bagi setiap computer. IP address penting sekali dalam proses koneksi dan pengiriman data

Tugas CCNA lab 3.5.2

Oleh: Irma Permata Sari/02842

Lab 3.5.2 IP Addresses and Network Communication

Objectives

• Build a simple peer-to-peer network and verify physical connectivity.
• Assign various IP addresses to hosts and observe the effects on network communication

Background / Preparation

In this lab, you will build a simple peer-to-peer network using two PCs and an Ethernet crossover cable. You will assign various compatible and non-compatible IP addresses to the hosts and determine the effects on their ability to communicate. The following resources are required:

NOTE: You may use the small peer-to-peer network that was built in Lab 3.1.5

• Two Windows XP Professional PCs, each with an installed and functional Network Interface Card (NIC)
• An Ethernet cross-over cable to connect the PCs (provided by instructor)
• (Optional lab setup) A hub or switch and two straight-through cables to connect the PCs (provided by instructor)

Step 1: Connect the PCs to create a peer-to-peer network

1. Obtain an Ethernet crossover cable provided by the instructor to connect the two PCs. NOTE: (optional lab setup) The PCs may be connected to a hub (or switch) using two straightthrough cables. The following instructions assume you are using a crossover cable.
2. Plug one end of the cable into the Ethernet NIC of PC1. Plug the other end of the cable into the Ethernet NIC of PC2. As you insert the cable, you should hear a click which indicates that the cable connector is properly inserted into the port.

 

Step 2: Verify physical connectivity

1. After the Ethernet crossover cable is connected to both PCs, take a close look at each Ethernet port. A link light (usually green or amber) indicates that physical connectivity has been established between the two NICs. Try unplugging the cable from one PC then reconnecting it to verify that the light goes off then back on.
2. Go to the Control Panel, double click the Network Connections icon, and confirm that the local area connection is established. The following figure shows an active local area connection. If physical connectivity problems exist, you will see a red X over the Local Area Connection icon with the words .Network cable unplugged.
3. If the Local Area Connection does not indicate that it is connected, troubleshoot by repeating Steps 1 and 2. You may also want to ask your instructor to confirm that you are using an Ethernet crossover cable.

Step 3: Configure IP settings for the two PCs

1. Configure the logical IP addresses for the two PCs so that they are able to communicate using TCP/IP. On PC1, go to the Control Panel, double click the Network Connections icon, and then right click the connected Local Area Connection icon. Choose Properties from the pull-down menu.
2. Using the scroll bar in the Local Area Connection Properties window, scroll down to highlight Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Click the Properties button.
3. Select the Use the following IP address radio button and enter an IP address of 192.168.1.1 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. With this IP address and subnet mask, the network number the host is on is 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.1.1 is the first host on the 192.168.1.0 network :
4. Click OK, which will close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. Click the Close button to exit the Local Area Connection Properties window.
5. Repeat steps 3a – 3d for the PC2 using an IP address of 192.168.1.2 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. The network number this PC is on is 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.1.2 is the second host on the 192.168.1.0 network.

 

Step 4: Verify IP connectivity between the two PCs

NOTE: To test TCP/IP connectivity between the PCs, Windows Firewall must be disabled temporarily on both PCs. Windows Firewall should be re-enabled after the tests have been completed.

1. On each PC, on the Windows XP desktop, click Start. From the Start menu, select Control Panel, and double-click Network Connections.
2. Right-click the Local Area Connection icon and select Properties. Click the Advanced tab. Locate and click the Settings button.
3. Make a note of whether the firewall settings are ENABLED (ON) for the Ethernet port or DISABLED (OFF) for the Ethernet port.
4. If the firewall settings are enabled, click the Off (not recommended) radio button to disable the firewall. The setting will be re-enabled in a later step. Click OK in this dialog box and the following to apply this setting. Repeat Steps 4a-4d on the second PC.
5. Now that the two PCs are physically connected and configured correctly with IP addresses, we need to make sure they communicate with each other. The ping command is a simple way to accomplish this task. The ping command is included with the Windows XP operating system.z
6. On PC1, go to Start, then Run. Type cmd, and then click OK. A Window command prompt window will appear as shown in the following figure.
7. At the > prompt, type ping 192.168.1.2 and press Enter. A successful ping will verify the IP connectivity. It should produce results similar to those shown in the figure that follows.
8. Repeat this procedure for PC2 but ping 192.168.1.1.
9. Close the Windows command prompt window on both PCs.

Step 5: Change IP address for PC2

1. On PC2, go to the Control Panel, double click the Network Connections icon, and then right click the connected Local Area Connection icon. Choose Properties from the pull-down menu.
2. Using the scroll bar in the Local Area Connection Properties window, scroll down to highlight Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Click the Properties button.
3. Change the logical IP address for PC2 from 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.2.2 and leave the subnet mask set to 255.255.255.0. On what network is PC2 now? PC2 is now on the 192.168.2.0 network
4. Click OK, which will close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. Click the Close button to exit the Local Area Connection Properties window.
5. Refer back to Step 3c. On what network is PC1? PC1 is still on the 192.168.1.0 network.
6. The two PCs are still on the same physical Ethernet network. Are they on the same logical IP network? Jawaban: NO

 

Step 6: Test network connectivity between the 2 PCs

1. On PC1, go to Start, then Run. Type cmd, and then click OK. A Window command prompt window will appear.
2. At the > prompt, type ping 192.168.2.2 and press Enter. Was it successful? No Why or why not?  Jawaban: Ya.Karena pemasangan dan konfigurasinya benar.
3. What type of networking device would allow the PCs to communicate? A router, if placed between the 2 PCs using proper cabling

Step 7: Change IP address for PC1

1. Using the procedure previously described, change the logical IP address for PC1 from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.2.99 and leave the subnet mask set to 255.255.255.0. On what network is PC1 now? Jawaban Ya. PC1 is now on the 192.168.2.0 network
2. Click OK, which will close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. Click the Close button to exit the Local Area Connection Properties window.
3. The two PCs are still on the same physical Ethernet network. Are they on the same logical IP network now? Jawaban: No.

Step 8: Test network connectivity between the 2 PCs

1. On PC2, go to Start, then Run. Type cmd, and then click OK. A Window command prompt window will appear.
2. At the > prompt, type ping 192.168.2.99 and press Enter. Was it successful? Yes Why or why not? Jawaban: Ya .Karena masih dalam satu jaringan

Step 9: (Optional – Use only if the Firewall was originally ENABLED) Re-enable the firewall

1. a. If you disabled the Windows Firewall in Step 4, click Start, select Control Panel, and click Network Connections.
2. b. Right-click the Ethernet network connection icon and select Properties. Click the Advanced tab. Locate and click Settings.
3. If the firewall settings are disabled (and they were enabled before this lab began), click the On radio button to enable the firewall. Click OK in this dialog box and the following one to apply this setting.

 

 

 

 

 

Tugas CCNA lab 4.5.3

Oleh : Irma Permata Sari/02842

Lab 4.5.3 Building Straight-Through and Crossover UTP Cables

Objective

• Build and test straight-through and crossover Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet network cables.

Background / Preparation

In this lab you will build and terminate Ethernet straight-through patch cables and crossover cables. With a straight-through cable, the color of wire used by pin 1 on one end is the same color used by pin 1 on the other cable end, and similarly for the remaining seven pins. The cable will be constructed using either TIA/EIA T568A or T568B standards for Ethernet, which determine which color wire is used on each pin. Straight-through patch cables are normally used to connect a host directly to a hub or switch or to a wall plate in and office area.

With a crossover cable the second and third pairs on the RJ-45 connector at one end of the cable are reversed at the other end. The pinouts for the cable are the T568A standard on one end and the T568B standard on the other end. Crossover cables are normally used to connect hubs and switches or can be used to directly connect two hosts to create a simple network. This is a two-part lab that can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups.

The following resources will be required:

• Two 0.6 to 0.9m (2 to 3 ft.) lengths of cable, Category 5 or 5e

• A minimum of four RJ-45 connectors (more may be needed if mis-wiring occurs)

• An RJ-45 crimping tool

• An Ethernet cable tester

• Wire cutters

Part A: Build and test an Ethernet straight-through patch cable

Step 1: Obtain and prepare the cable

1. Determine the length of cable required. This could be from a device such as a computer to the device to which it connects (like a hub or switch) or between a device and an RJ-45 outlet jack. Add at least 30.48 cm (12 in.) to the distance. The TIA/EIA standard states the maximum length is 5 m (16.4 ft.). Standard Ethernet cable lengths are usually .6 m (2 ft.), 1.83 m (6 ft.), or 3.05 m (10 ft.).
2. 2. Which length of cable did you choose and why did you choose this length? Jawaban: 6m (2 ft)
3. Cut a piece of cable to the desired length. Stranded UTP cable is commonly used for patch cables (the cables between an end network device such as a PC and an RJ-45 connector) because it is more durable when bent repeatedly. It is called stranded because each of the wires within the cable is made up of many strands of fine copper wire, rather than a single solid wire. Solid wire is used for cable runs that are between the RJ-45 jack and a punch-down block.
4. Using wire strippers, remove 5.08 cm (2 in.) of the cable jacket from both ends of the cable.

Step 2: Prepare and insert the wires

1. Determine which wiring standard will be used. Circle the standard. [T568A | T568B]
2. Locate the correct table based on the wiring standard used.
3. Spread the cable pairs and arrange them roughly in the desired order based on the standard chosen.
4. Untwist a short length of the pairs and arrange them in the exact order needed by the standard. It is very important to untwist as little as possible. The twists are important because they provide noise cancellation.
5. Straighten and flatten the wires between your thumb and forefinger.
6. Ensure the cable wires are still in the correct order as the standard.
7. Cut the cable in a straight line to within 1.25 to 1.9 cm (1/2 to 3/4 in.) from the edge of the cable jacket. If it is longer than this, the cable will be susceptible to crosstalk (the interference of bits from one wire with an adjacent wire).
8. The tang (the prong that sticks out from the RJ-45 connector) should be on the underside pointing downward when inserting the wires. Insert the wires firmly into the RJ-45 connector until all wires are pushed as far as possible into the connector.

Step 3: Inspect, crimp, and re-inspect

1. Visually inspect the cable and ensure the right color codes are connected to the correct pin numbers.
2. b. Visually inspect the end of the connector. The eight wires should be pressed firmly against the end of the RJ-45 connector. Some of the cable jacket should be inside the first portion of the connector. This provides strain relief for the cable. If the cable jacket is not far enough inside the connector, it may eventually cause the cable to fail.
3. If everything is correctly aligned and inserted properly, place the RJ-45 connector and cable into the crimper. The crimper will push two plungers down on the RJ-45 connector.
4. Visually re-inspect the connector. If improperly installed, cut the end off and repeat the process.

Step 4: Terminate the other cable end

1. Use the previously described steps to attach an RJ-45 connector to the other end of the cable.
2. Visually re-inspect the connector. If improperly installed, cut the end off and repeat the process.
3. Which standard [T568A | T568B] is used for patch cables in your school?  Jawaban: [T568A]

Step 5: Test the cable

1. Using a cable tester, test the straight-through cable for functionality. If it fails, repeat the lab.
2. (Optional) Use the cable to connect a PC to a network.
3. (Optional) Click the Start button and select the Run option.
4. (Optional) Type cmd and press Enter.
5. (Optional) From the command prompt, type ipconfig.
6. (Optional) Write down the default gateway IP address. Jawaban: 255.0.0.0
7. (Optional) From the command prompt, type ping followed by the default gateway IP address. If the cable is functional, the ping should be successful (provided that no other network problem exists and the default gateway router is connected and functional).

Part B: Build and test an Ethernet crossover cable

Step 1: Obtain and prepare the cable

1. Determine the length of cable required. This could be from a hub to a hub, hub to switch, switch to switch, computer to router, or from one computer to another computer. Add at least 30.48 cm (12 in.) to the distance. Which length of cable did you choose and why did you choose this length?
2. Cut a piece of cable to the desired length and, using wire strippers, remove 5.08 cm (2 in.) of the cable jacket from both ends of the cable.

Step 2: Prepare and insert the T568A wires

1. Locate the T568A table at the beginning of the lab.
2. Spread the cable pairs and arrange them roughly in the desired order based on the T568A standard.
3. Untwist a short length of the pairs and arrange them in the exact order needed by the standard. It is very important to untwist as little as possible. Twists are important because they provide noise cancellation.
4. Straighten and flatten the wires between your thumb and forefinger.
5. Ensure the cable wires are in the correct order based on the standard.
6. Cut the cable in a straight line to within 1.25 to 1.9 cm (1/2 to 3/4 in.) from the edge of the cable jacket. If it is longer than this, the cable will be susceptible to crosstalk (the interference of bits from one wire with an adjacent wire).
7. The tang (the prong that sticks out from the RJ-45 connector) should be on the underside pointing downward when inserting the wires. Insert the wires firmly into the RJ-45 connector until all wires are pushed as far as possible into the connector.

Step 3: Inspect, crimp, and re-inspect

1. Visually inspect the cable and ensure the right color codes are connected to the correct pin numbers.
2. b. Visually inspect the end of the connector. The eight wires should be pressed firmly against the RJ-45 connector. Some of the cable jacket should be inside the first portion of the connector. This provides for cable strain relief which can eventually cause the cable to fail.
3. c. If everything is correctly aligned and inserted properly, place the RJ-45 connector and cable into the crimper. The crimper will push two plungers down on the RJ-45 connector.

1. Visually re-inspect the connector. If improperly installed, cut the end off and repeat the process.

Step 4: Terminate the T568B cable end

1. On the other end, use the previously described steps (but use the T568B table and standard) to attach an RJ-45 connector to the cable.
2. Visually re-inspect the connector. If improperly installed, cut the end off and repeat the process.
3. Which standard [T568A | T568B] would you rather use at home if you have or would like to have a home network?

Step 5: Test the cable

a. Using a cable tester, test the crossover cable for functionality. If it fails, repeat the lab.

b. Use the cable to connect two PCs.

c. On both computers, click the Start button and select Run.

NOTE: If the Run command is unavailable on your PC, visually check the LED status lights on the NIC card. If they are on (usually green or amber) the cable is functional.

d. On both computers, type cmd and press Enter.

e. On both computers from the command prompt, type ipconfig.

f. Write the IP address of both computers.

Computer 1:

Computer 2:

g.    From the command prompt of one computer, type ping followed by the IP address of the other computer. If the cable is functional, the ping should be successful. Do the ping on the other computer as well.

NOTE: The Windows Firewall on the target computer must be temporarily disabled for the ping to be successful. Refer to Lab 3.1.5 if you need help with this. If you disable the firewall, be sure to re-enable it.

Step 6: Reflection

1. Which part of making these cables did you find the most difficult? Compare your views with a classmate.
2. Are all four pairs of cables twisted the same amount? Discuss the reasons why or why not.

Jawaban: tidak. Karena kesemua kabel memiliki keunikan tersendiri.

1. Ask a local business or check a site such as http://www.workopolis.com/ to see how much a beginning cable installer earns and which criteria they look for in a cable installer. Write the information you discover in the space provided.
2. Many technicians keep a crossover cable in their toolkit. When do you think that you would use a crossover cable and when do you think a network technician would use this cable? Jawaban: kabel cross digunakan untuk menghubungkan 2 perangkat yang berbeda.

 

 

Tugas CCNA lab 6.2.4

Oleh : Irma Permata Sari/02842.08/Pendidikan Teknik Informatika

Lab 6.2.4 Configuring an Email Client

Objectives

• Set up an email client.
• Send and receive mail from a mail server.
• Add an email account or change an existing one.

Background / Preparation

An email application gives the user the ability to send and receive messages from another user located on the same local network or on the Internet. The messages are sent by the sending client and stored on an email server. Another email client with a mailbox on the server can then access the server at any time to receive stored messages that are destined for that client. The following resources are required:

• Windows-based computer with Internet connectivity
• Microsoft Outlook or other email client software

Step 1: Open Microsoft Outlook

1. From the Start menu, select All Programs. Locate the Microsoft Office software.
2. Select Microsoft Office Outlook as the email program. If your computer does not have the Microsoft Office software, there are many free email software packages available on the Internet. Search the Internet to find a free email client that can be installed on your computer. The following instructions may vary depending on your email client.

Step 2: Set up an email account

1. When you first start Microsoft Outlook, a screen appears with Email Upgrade Options. You can choose to import email messages or address books from another account. Because this is your first email account, select the Do Not Upgrade button.
2. The next screen is the Email Accounts screen where you are asked if you want to configure an email account. Click Yes.
3. If Outlook has already been installed and setup for e-mail previously, you can start the Outlook application and click Tools, E-Mail Accounts and then select View or change existing e-mail account to see how the existing account is set up.

Step 3: Enter POP3 e-mail account information

1. The next screen requires the user of the new account to fill in information. Enter your name and email address. Your can get your email address from your Internet provider. NOTE: If you do not have a real ISP email account, this step can be treated as a simulation. Just enter the information requested to become familiar with the process of creating an email account.
2. Enter your server information. Contact your Internet provider to locate the server information for the incoming and outgoing mail servers. Usually Internet providers put this information on their website in their help section.
3. What is your incoming (POP3) mail server? Jawaban: Pop3.yahoo.com
4. What is your outgoing (SMTP) mail server? Jawaban: Smtp.yahoo.com
5. Enter your username and password. Do not check the box to remember your password. This option is used when only one person uses the computer. If anyone else were to use the computer, they could easily gain access to all of the information in your email.
6. Click the Test Account Settings button. If everything is correct, the screen displays that the test was successful. If not, correct your information and try again. NOTE: If this is a simulation, the test will not be successful and you can go to Steps 4 and 5.
7. Test your new account by sending an email to a friend in class.

Step 4: (Optional) Add another account or change an account

1. Open Microsoft Outlook. From the Tools menu, select Email Accounts.
2. In this screen, you can. Jawaban: yes, I can.

Step 5: Reflection

1. What are the advantages or disadvantages to using email over regular postal mail? Jawaban: advantages: Each mail server receives and stores mail for users who have mailboxes configured on the mail server. Each user with a mailbox must then use an email client to access the mail server and read these messages.  Mail servers are also used to send mail addressed to local mailboxes or mailboxes located on other email servers. Dan bisa mengirim file dalam ukuran besar. Disadvantages: interface kurang menarik.
2. What are the advantages or disadvantages to using email over an instant messaging program? Jawaban: advantages: mudah digunakan karena lebih familiar, fasilitas lengkap dan  IM client to authenticate to the IM network. Once logged into the server, clients can send messages to other clients in real-time. In addition to text messages, IM supports the transfer of video, music and speech files. IM clients may have a telephony feature, which allows users to make phone calls over the Internet. Additional configuration can be done to customize the IM client with “Buddy Lists” and a personal look and feel. Disadvantages: kadang jaringan memblok akses ini atau tidak mensuportnya , besar file yang dapat ditransfer juga tidak terlalu besar
3. With a partner, discuss five (5) recommendations for email etiquette that should be considered when emailing friends and business colleagues.